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MCITP MCSE : Security Specialist Routing Data   Data flow in a network that consists of a single segment is simple. Each computer that transmits data can broadcast a request over the network for the MAC address of the destination computer and send the data to it. However, in networks that have multiple segments, the data transmission process is more complex. In such environments, TCP/IP provides for multiple paths between computers and prevents unnecessary communication from crossing segment boundaries. In an environment that has connected networks, the source and destination computers may not be on the same segment. IP determines whether the destination computer is local or remote in relation to the source computer. If the destination computer is remote, the data cannot be sent to it directly. Instead, IP sends it to a router, which then forwards the packet to its destination. In this section, you will learn about the role of IP in the routing process and the process by which data is transmitted across routers.     IP Routing   Large TCP/IP networks, referred to as internetworks, are broken up into smaller segments to reduce the amount of communication within the segment. An internetwork is a network consisting of multiple segments that are connected by routers. Routers are basically computers with two network adapters that provide the primary means of joining two or more physically separated segments. Routers pass IP packets from one network segment to another. This process of forwarding IP packets is known as routing. Routers are attached to two or more IP network segments, enabling packets to be forwarded from one segment to another.       Packet Delivery Forwarded IP packets use at least one of two types of delivery, based on whether the IP packet is forwarded to the final destination or whether it is forwarded to a router. These two types of delivery are known as direct and indirect delivery.   Direct delivery occurs when a computer forwards a packet to a final destination on the same segment. The computer encapsulates the IP packet in a frame format for the network interface layer and addresses the packet to the destination’s MAC address.   Indirect delivery occurs when a computer forwards a packet to a router because the final destination is not on the same segment. The computer encapsulates the IP packet in a frame format for the network interface layer addressed to the IP router’s MAC address.   Routing Table To determine where a packet is to be forwarded, routers use routing tables to send data between network segments. A routing table is stored in memory and maintains information about other IP networks and hosts. In addition, a routing table provides information to each local host about how to communicate with remote networks and hosts. For each computer on an IP network, you can maintain a routing table that  contains an entry for every other computer or network in communication with the local computer. However, this is not practical for large networks and a default router is used to maintain the routing table. Routing tables can be either static or dynamic, depending upon the way they are updated. You update a static routing table manually. Because updating cannot be done often, the information in the routing table may not be current. On the other hand, a dynamic routing table is automatically updated as new information becomes available.