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MCITP MCSE : Security Specialist User Datagram Protocol (UDP)   User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol that identifies the destination application in network communications. UDP provides a connectionless packet delivery service that offers fast but  unreliable, best-effort delivery of the data. UDP does not require an acknowledgment for the data received and does not attempt to retransmit data that is lost or corrupted. This means that less data is sent, but neither the arrival of packets nor the correct sequencing of delivered packets is acknowledged or guaranteed. UDP is used by applications that transmit data to multiple computers by using broadcast or multicast transmissions. It is also used for transmitting small amounts of data or data that is not of high importance. Example uses of UDP include multicasting streaming media, such as during a live videoconference, and broadcasting a list of computer names, which are maintained for local communication.   To use UDP, the source application must supply its UDP port number as well as that of the destination application. It is important to note that UDP ports are distinct and separate from TCP ports, even though some of them use the same numbers.     Internet Protocol (IP)   Internet Protocol (IP) helps to identify the location of the destination computer in a network communication. IP is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that is primarily responsible for addressing packets and routing them between networked computers. Although IP always attempts to deliver a packet, a packet may be lost, corrupted, delivered out of sequence, duplicated, or delayed. However, IP does not attempt to recover from these types of errors by requesting retransmission of the data. Acknowledging the delivery of packets and recovering lost packets is the responsibility of a higher-layer protocol, such as TCP, or of the application itself.     Activities Performed by IP You can visualize IP as the mailroom of the TCP/IP stack, where packet sorting and delivery take place. The packets are passed down to IP by UDP or TCP from the transport layer or passed up from the network interface layer. The primary function of IP is to route the packets until they reach their destination. Each packet includes the source IP address of the sender and the destination IP address of the intended recipient. These IP addresses in a packet remain the same throughout the packet’s journey across a network. If IP identifies a destination address as an address from the same segment, it transmits the packet directly to that computer. If the destination IP address is not on the same segment, IP must use a router to send the information. IP is also responsible for ensuring that a packet does not remain on the network forever by limiting the number of networks across which the packet can travel. This is done by assigning a Time to Live (TTL) number to every packet. A TTL specifies the maximum length of time that the packet can travel on the network before being discarded.     Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)   Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides troubleshooting facilities and error reporting for undeliverable packets. With ICMP, computers and routers that use IP communication can report errors and exchange limited control and status information. For example, if IP is unable to deliver a packet to a destination computer, ICMP sends a Destination Unreachable message to the source computer.                                  Although the IP protocol is used to move data across routers, ICMP reports errors and control messages on behalf of IP. ICMP does not attempt to make IP a reliable protocol, because ICMP messages are unacknowledged and therefore unreliable. It only attempts to report errors and provide feedback on specific conditions. Although this may not seem effective, it is much more efficient than using bandwidth to acknowledge each ICMP message.